12 Shahrivar 1403

Events

• 44 BC Pharaoh Cleopatra VII of Egypt declares her son co-ruler as Ptolemy XV Caesarion.
• 1862 (164 years ago) American Civil War: United States President Abraham Lincoln reluctantly restores Union General George B. McClellan to full command after General John Pope's disastrous defeat at the Second Battle of Bull Run.
• 1898 (128 years ago) Battle of Omdurman: British and Egyptian troops defeat Sudanese tribesmen and establish British dominance in Sudan.
• 1939 (87 years ago) World War II: Following the start of the invasion of Poland the previous day, the Free City of Danzig (now Gdańsk, Poland) is annexed by Nazi Germany.
• 1944 (82 years ago) The last execution of a Finn in Finland takes place when soldier Olavi Laiho is executed by shooting in Oulu.
• 1970 (56 years ago) Aeroflot Flight 3630, a Tupolev Tu-124 en route from southern Russia to Lithuania, crashes after the pilots lost control of the aircraft at cruise altitude between Rostov-on-Don Airport and Vilnius Airport, on the second leg of the flight; all 37 passengers and crew are killed.
• 1998 (28 years ago) The UN's International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda finds Jean-Paul Akayesu, the former mayor of a small town in Rwanda, guilty of nine counts of genocide.
• 2018 (8 years ago) National Museum of Brazil fire: A massive fire destroys most of the Paço de São Cristóvão, which houses the National Museum of Brazil, in Rio de Janeiro. The museum holds important archaeοlogical and anthropological objects, including the remains of the Luzia Woman, Marajoara vases and Egyptian mummies.

Births

• 1838 (188 years ago) Liliʻuokalani, Last sovereign monarch of Hawaiʻi (died 1917)
• 1853 (173 years ago) Wilhelm Ostwald, Latvian-German chemist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (died 1932)
• 1877 (149 years ago) Frederick Soddy, English chemist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (died 1956)
• 1922 (104 years ago) Arthur Ashkin, American physicist and Nobel Prize laureate (died 2020)
• 1953 (73 years ago) Ahmad Shah Massoud, Afghan commander and politician, Afghan Minister of Defense (died 2001)
• 1962 (64 years ago) Keir Starmer, English lawyer and politician, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom
• 1964 (62 years ago) Keanu Reeves, Canadian actor, singer, and producer
• 1966 (60 years ago) Salma Hayek, Mexican-American actress, director, and producer

Deaths

• 1865 (161 years ago) William Rowan Hamilton, Irish physicist, astronomer, and mathematician (born 1805)
• 1910 (116 years ago) Henri Rousseau, French painter (born 1844)
• 1937 (89 years ago) Pierre de Coubertin, French historian and educator, founded the International Olympic Committee (born 1863)
• 1969 (57 years ago) Ho Chi Minh, Vietnamese politician, 1st President of Vietnam (born 1890)
• 1973 (53 years ago) J. R. R. Tolkien, English novelist, short story writer, poet, and philologist (born 1892)
• 1992 (34 years ago) Barbara McClintock, American geneticist and botanist, Nobel Prize laureate (born 1902)
• 1997 (29 years ago) Viktor Frankl, Austrian neurologist and psychiatrist (born 1905)
• 2016 (10 years ago) Islam Karimov, Uzbek politician, 1st President of Uzbekistan (born 1938)

All 410 events, births and deaths of September 2