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Events

• 1906 (120 years ago) In Finland, a new electoral law is ratified, guaranteeing the country the first and equal right to vote in the world. Finnish women are the first in Europe to receive the right to vote.
• 1920 (106 years ago) The Greek Army takes control of Silivri after Greece is awarded the city by the Paris Peace Conference; by 1923 Greece effectively lost control to the Turks.
• 1936 (90 years ago) The Montreux Convention is signed in Switzerland, authorizing Turkey to fortify the Dardanelles and Bosphorus but guaranteeing free passage to ships of all nations in peacetime.
• 1944 (82 years ago) World War II: Adolf Hitler survives an assassination attempt led by German Army Colonel Claus von Stauffenberg.
• 1961 (65 years ago) French military forces break the Tunisian siege of Bizerte.
• 1969 (57 years ago) Apollo program: Apollo 11's crew successfully makes the first human landing on the Moon in the Sea of Tranquility. Americans Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin become the first humans to walk on the Moon six and a half hours later.
• 1974 (52 years ago) Turkish invasion of Cyprus: Forces from Turkey invade Cyprus after a coup d'état, organized by the dictator of Greece, against president Makarios.
• 2015 (11 years ago) The United States and Cuba resume full diplomatic relations after five decades.

Births

• 1304 (722 years ago) Petrarch, Italian poet and scholar (died 1374)
• 1789 (237 years ago) Mahmud II, Ottoman sultan (died 1839)
• 1822 (204 years ago) Gregor Mendel, Austro-German monk, geneticist and botanist (died 1884)
• 1864 (162 years ago) Erik Axel Karlfeldt, Swedish poet, Nobel Prize laureate (died 1931)
• 1919 (107 years ago) Edmund Hillary, New Zealand mountaineer and explorer (died 2008)
• 1962 (64 years ago) Carlos Alazraqui, American actor, producer, and screenwriter
• 1966 (60 years ago) Enrique Peña Nieto, Mexican lawyer and politician, 57th President of Mexico
• 1980 (46 years ago) Gisele Bündchen, Brazilian model, fashionista, and businesswoman

Deaths

• 1866 (160 years ago) Bernhard Riemann, German mathematician and academic (born 1826)
• 1903 (123 years ago) Leo XIII, pope of the Catholic Church (born 1810)
• 1923 (103 years ago) Pancho Villa, Mexican general and politician, Governor of Chihuahua (born 1878)
• 1926 (100 years ago) Felix Dzerzhinsky, Soviet educator and politician of Belarusian origin (born 1877)
• 1937 (89 years ago) Guglielmo Marconi, Italian physicist and engineer, Nobel Prize laureate (born 1874)
• 1945 (81 years ago) Paul Valéry, French author and poet (born 1871)
• 1973 (53 years ago) Bruce Lee, American actor and martial artist (born 1940)
• 2017 (9 years ago) Chester Bennington, American singer (born 1976)

All 418 events, births and deaths of July 20