24 Tir 1399 | Tuesday 14 July 2020

This day in four calendars

1916 (110 years ago) World War I: Battle of Delville Wood begins as an action within the Battle of the Somme, lasting until 3 September 1916.
1933 (93 years ago) In a decree called the Gleichschaltung, Adolf Hitler abolishes all German political parties except the Nazis.
1942 (84 years ago) In the Wardha session of Congress, the "Quit India" resolution is approved, authorising Mahatma Gandhi to campaign for India's independence from Britain.
1957 (69 years ago) Rawya Ateya takes her seat in the National Assembly of Egypt, thereby becoming the first female parliamentarian in the Arab world.
1958 (68 years ago) In the 14 July Revolution in Iraq, the monarchy is overthrown by popular forces led by Abd al-Karim Qasim, who becomes the nation's new leader.
1960 (66 years ago) Jane Goodall arrives at the Gombe Stream Reserve in present-day Tanzania to begin her study of chimpanzees in the wild.
1965 (61 years ago) Mariner 4 flyby of Mars takes the first close-up photos of another planet. The photographs take approximately six hours to be transmitted back to Earth.
2015 (11 years ago) NASA's New Horizons probe performs the first flyby of Pluto, and thus completes the initial survey of the Solar System.

1602 (424 years ago) Cardinal Jules Mazarin, Italian-French cardinal and politician, chief minister of France from 5 December 1642 to 9 March 1661 (died 1661)
1743 (283 years ago) Gavrila Derzhavin, Russian poet and politician (died 1816)
1862 (164 years ago) Gustav Klimt, Austrian painter and illustrator (died 1918)
1913 (113 years ago) Gerald Ford, American commander, lawyer, and politician, 38th President of the United States (died 2006)
1918 (108 years ago) Ingmar Bergman, Swedish director, producer, and screenwriter (died 2007)
1935 (91 years ago) Ei-ichi Negishi, Japanese chemist (palladium-catalyzed cross couplings) and Nobel Prize winner (died 2021)
1977 (49 years ago) Victoria, Crown Princess of Sweden
1988 (38 years ago) Conor McGregor, Irish mixed martial artist

1223 (803 years ago) Philip II, king of France (born 1165)
1817 (209 years ago) Germaine de Staël, French philosopher and author (born 1766)
1827 (199 years ago) Augustin-Jean Fresnel, French physicist and engineer, reviver of wave theory of light, inventor of catadioptric lighthouse lens (born 1788)
1881 (145 years ago) William H. Bonney aka Billy the Kid, American gunfighter and outlaw (born 1859 or 1860)
1939 (87 years ago) Alphonse Mucha, Czech painter and illustrator (born 1860)
1954 (72 years ago) Jacinto Benavente, Spanish author and playwright, Nobel Prize laureate (born 1866)
2017 (9 years ago) Maryam Mirzakhani, Iranian mathematician (born 1977)
2022 (4 years ago) Ivana Trump, Czech-American socialite and model (born 1949)