13 Shahrivar 1395 | Saturday 3 September 2016

This day in four calendars

301 (1725 years ago) San Marino, one of the smallest nations in the world and the world's oldest republic still in existence, is founded by Saint Marinus.
1933 (93 years ago) Yevgeniy Abalakov is the first man to reach the highest point in the Soviet Union, Communism Peak (now called Ismoil Somoni Peak and situated in Tajikistan) (7495 m).
1939 (87 years ago) World War II: France, the United Kingdom, New Zealand and Australia declare war on Germany after the invasion of Poland, forming the Allied nations. The Viceroy of India also declares war, but without consulting the provincial legislatures.
1942 (84 years ago) World War II: In response to news of its coming liquidation, Dov Lopatyn leads an uprising in the Ghetto of Lakhva (present-day Belarus).
1954 (72 years ago) The People's Liberation Army begins shelling the Republic of China-controlled islands of Quemoy, starting the First Taiwan Strait Crisis.
1981 (45 years ago) The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women, an international bill of rights for women, is instituted by the United Nations.
2016 (10 years ago) The U.S. and China, together responsible for 40% of the world's carbon emissions, both formally ratify the Paris global climate agreement.
2017 (9 years ago) North Korea conducts its sixth and most powerful nuclear test.

1900 (126 years ago) Urho Kekkonen, Finnish journalist, lawyer, and politician, 8th President of Finland (died 1986)
1905 (121 years ago) Carl David Anderson, American physicist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (died 1991)
1936 (90 years ago) Zine El Abidine Ben Ali, Tunisian soldier and politician, 2nd President of Tunisia (died 2019)
1938 (88 years ago) Ryōji Noyori, Japanese chemist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate
1940 (86 years ago) Eduardo Galeano, Uruguayan journalist and author (died 2015)
1947 (79 years ago) Mario Draghi, Italian banker and economist
1965 (61 years ago) Charlie Sheen, American actor and producer
1988 (38 years ago) Jérôme Boateng, Ghanaian-German footballer

1658 (368 years ago) Oliver Cromwell, English general and politician, Lord Protector of England (born 1599)
1877 (149 years ago) Adolphe Thiers, French historian and politician, 2nd President of France (born 1797)
1883 (143 years ago) Ivan Turgenev, Russian author and playwright (born 1818)
1948 (78 years ago) Edvard Beneš, Czech academic and politician, 2nd President of Czechoslovakia (born 1884)
1962 (64 years ago) E. E. Cummings, American poet and playwright (born 1894)
1989 (37 years ago) Gaetano Scirea, Italian footballer (born 1953)
1991 (35 years ago) Frank Capra, Italian-American director, producer, and screenwriter (born 1897)
2012 (14 years ago) Michael Clarke Duncan, American actor (born 1957)