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Events

• 1816 (210 years ago) Argentina declares independence from Spain.
• 1850 (176 years ago) Persian prophet Báb is executed in Tabriz, Persia.
• 1932 (94 years ago) The state of São Paulo revolts against the Brazilian Federal Government, starting the Constitutionalist Revolution.
• 1943 (83 years ago) World War II: The Allied invasion of Sicily begins, leading to the downfall of Mussolini and forcing Hitler to break off the Battle of Kursk.
• 1961 (65 years ago) Greece becomes the first member state to join the European Economic Community by signing the Athens Agreement, which is later suspended in 1967 during the Greek junta.
• 1999 (27 years ago) Days of student protests begin after Iranian police and hardliners attack a student dormitory at the University of Tehran.
• 2002 (24 years ago) The African Union is established in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, replacing the Organisation of African Unity (OAU). The organization's first chairman is Thabo Mbeki, President of South Africa.
• 2011 (15 years ago) South Sudan gains independence and secedes from Sudan.

Births

• 1578 (448 years ago) Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor (died 1637)
• 1894 (132 years ago) Pyotr Kapitsa, Russian physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (died 1984)
• 1916 (110 years ago) Edward Heath, English colonel and politician; Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, 1970-74 (died 2005)
• 1929 (97 years ago) Hassan II of Morocco,
• 1932 (94 years ago) Donald Rumsfeld, American captain and politician, 13th United States Secretary of Defense (died 2021)
• 1950 (76 years ago) Viktor Yanukovych, Ukrainian engineer and politician, 4th President of Ukraine
• 1956 (70 years ago) Tom Hanks, American actor, director, producer, and screenwriter
• 1964 (62 years ago) Courtney Love, American singer-songwriter, guitarist, and actress

Deaths

• 518 (1508 years ago) Anastasius I Dicorus, Byzantine emperor (born 430)
• 1441 (585 years ago) Jan van Eyck, Dutch painter (born 1359)
• 1746 (280 years ago) Philip V of Spain,
• 1797 (229 years ago) Edmund Burke, Irish-English philosopher, academic, and politician (born 1729)
• 1850 (176 years ago) Zachary Taylor, American general and politician, 12th President of the United States (born 1784)
• 1850 (176 years ago) Báb, Persian religious leader, founded Bábism (born 1819)
• 1856 (170 years ago) Amedeo Avogadro, Italian chemist and academic (born 1776)
• 1962 (64 years ago) Georges Bataille, French philosopher, novelist, and poet (born 1897)

All 383 events, births and deaths of July 9