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Events

• 1567 (459 years ago) Don Diego de Losada founds the city of Santiago de Leon de Caracas, modern-day Caracas, the capital city of Venezuela.
• 1788 (238 years ago) Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart completes his Symphony No. 40 in G minor (K550).
• 1799 (227 years ago) Napoleon Bonaparte defeats a numerically superior Ottoman army under Mustafa Pasha at the Battle of Abukir.
• 1824 (202 years ago) Costa Rica annexes Guanacaste from Nicaragua.
• 1943 (83 years ago) World War II: Benito Mussolini is forced out of office by the King (encouraged by the Grand Council of Fascism) and is replaced by Pietro Badoglio.
• 1973 (53 years ago) Soviet Mars 5 space probe is launched.
• 1993 (33 years ago) Israel launches a massive attack against Lebanon in what the Israelis call Operation Accountability, and the Lebanese call the Seven-Day War.
• 1994 (32 years ago) Israel and Jordan sign the Washington Declaration, that formally ends the state of war that had existed between the nations since 1948.

Births

• 1109 (917 years ago) Afonso I, king of Portugal (died 1185)
• 1165 (861 years ago) Ibn Arabi, Andalusian Sufi mystic, poet, and philosopher (died 1240)
• 1848 (178 years ago) Arthur Balfour, Scottish-English lieutenant and politician, 33rd Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (died 1930)
• 1894 (132 years ago) Gavrilo Princip, Bosnian Serb revolutionary and assassin of Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife (died 1918)
• 1905 (121 years ago) Elias Canetti, Bulgarian-Swiss novelist, playwright, and memoirist, Nobel Prize laureate (died 1994)
• 1920 (106 years ago) Rosalind Franklin, English biophysicist, chemist, and academic. Contributor to basic research of DNA. (died 1958)
• 1956 (70 years ago) Frances Arnold, American scientist and engineer (Nobel Prize for Chemistry 2018)
• 1967 (59 years ago) Matt LeBlanc, American actor and producer

Deaths

• 306 (1720 years ago) Constantius Chlorus, Roman emperor (born 250)
• 1471 (555 years ago) Thomas à Kempis, German priest and mystic
• 1492 (534 years ago) Innocent VIII, pope of the Catholic Church (born 1432)
• 1564 (462 years ago) Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor (born 1503)
• 1834 (192 years ago) Samuel Taylor Coleridge, English philosopher, poet, and critic (born 1772)
• 1934 (92 years ago) Nestor Makhno, Ukrainian anarchist revolutionary (born 1888)
• 1980 (46 years ago) Vladimir Vysotsky, Russian singer-songwriter, guitarist, and actor (born 1938)
• 2019 (7 years ago) Beji Caid Essebsi, 4th President and 9th Prime Minister of Tunisia (born 1926)

All 438 events, births and deaths of July 25