9 Azar 1380 | Friday 30 November 2001

This day in four calendars

978 (1048 years ago) Franco-German war of 978–980: Holy Roman Emperor Otto II lifts the siege of Paris and withdraws.
1718 (308 years ago) Great Northern War: King Charles XII of Sweden dies during a siege of the fortress of Fredriksten in Norway.
1782 (244 years ago) American Revolutionary War: Treaty of Paris: In Paris, representatives from the United States and Great Britain sign preliminary peace articles (later formalized as the 1783 Treaty of Paris).
1803 (223 years ago) The Balmis Expedition starts in Spain with the aim of vaccinating millions against smallpox in Spanish America and Philippines.
1853 (173 years ago) Crimean War: Battle of Sinop: The Imperial Russian Navy under Pavel Nakhimov destroys the Ottoman fleet under Osman Pasha at Sinop, a sea port in northern Turkey.
1947 (79 years ago) Civil War in Mandatory Palestine begins, leading up to the creation of the State of Israel and the 1948 Arab–Israeli War.
1967 (59 years ago) The People's Republic of Southern Yemen gains its independence from the United Kingdom
1972 (54 years ago) Vietnam War: White House Press Secretary Ron Ziegler tells the press that there will be no more public announcements concerning American troop withdrawals from Vietnam because troop levels are now down to 27,000.

1667 (359 years ago) Jonathan Swift, Irish satirist and essayist (died 1745)
1817 (209 years ago) Theodor Mommsen, German jurist, historian, and scholar, Nobel Prize laureate (died 1903)
1835 (191 years ago) Mark Twain, American novelist, humorist, and critic (died 1910)
1874 (152 years ago) Winston Churchill, English colonel, journalist, and politician, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, Nobel Prize laureate (died 1965)
1935 (91 years ago) Woody Allen, American actor, director, and screenwriter
1937 (89 years ago) Ridley Scott, English director, producer, and production designer
1982 (44 years ago) Elisha Cuthbert, Canadian actress
1990 (36 years ago) Magnus Carlsen, Norwegian chess player

1603 (423 years ago) William Gilbert, English scientist (born 1544)
1718 (308 years ago) Charles XII of Sweden,
1900 (126 years ago) Oscar Wilde, Irish playwright, novelist, and poet (born 1854)
1930 (96 years ago) Mary Harris Jones, American Labor organizer (born 1837)
1935 (91 years ago) Fernando Pessoa, Portuguese poet, philosopher, and critic (born 1888)
2013 (13 years ago) Paul Walker, American actor (born 1973)
2018 (8 years ago) George H. W. Bush, American politician, 41st President of the United States and 43rd Vice President of the United States (born 1924)
2022 (4 years ago) Jiang Zemin, Chinese politician, former General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party (paramount leader) and President of China (born 1926)